Summary about Disease
A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear that triggers severe physical reactions when there is no real danger or apparent cause. These attacks can be very frightening. When panic attacks occur repeatedly or cause ongoing worry, it can be a sign of panic disorder. Panic disorder can significantly affect quality of life, making it difficult to attend work, school, or social situations.
Symptoms
Panic attack symptoms can include:
Pounding heart or racing heart
Sweating
Trembling or shaking
Shortness of breath or feeling of being smothered
Chills or heat sensations
Nausea or abdominal distress
Chest pain
Feeling dizzy, lightheaded, or faint
Feelings of unreality or detachment from yourself
Fear of losing control or going crazy
Fear of dying
Numbness or tingling sensations. Not everyone experiences all of these symptoms, and symptoms can vary from attack to attack.
Causes
The exact cause of panic attacks and panic disorder isn't fully understood, but several factors are believed to play a role:
Genetics: A family history of panic disorder may increase the risk.
Brain Function: Changes in brain function and structure.
Stressful Life Events: Significant life stress, such as the death or serious illness of a loved one, trauma, or major life changes.
Temperament: Individuals who are more sensitive to stress or prone to negative emotions.
Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions can trigger panic attack.
Medicine Used
Medications used to treat panic disorder typically fall into two main categories:
Antidepressants: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are often prescribed. These can take several weeks to become fully effective.
Anti-anxiety Medications: Benzodiazepines can help reduce symptoms of panic quickly, but they can be addictive and are typically used short-term. A healthcare professional is required to prescribe these medications.
Is Communicable
No, panic attacks and panic disorder are not communicable or contagious. They are not caused by a virus, bacteria, or other infectious agent.
Precautions
While you cannot "prevent" a panic attack, some strategies can help manage and reduce their frequency and intensity:
Therapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of therapy can help you understand and manage panic attacks.
Relaxation Techniques: Practicing deep breathing exercises, meditation, yoga, or progressive muscle relaxation.
Regular Exercise: Physical activity can help reduce stress and improve mood.
Avoid Stimulants: Limit or avoid caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and other stimulants.
Adequate Sleep: Getting enough sleep can help manage stress and anxiety.
Stress Management: Identify and manage stressors in your life.
How long does an outbreak last?
A panic attack typically lasts for a few minutes, usually peaking within 10 minutes, but some symptoms may linger for an hour or more. The duration of panic disorder itself varies. Some people experience it as a short-term condition that resolves with treatment, while others manage it as a chronic condition.
How is it diagnosed?
Panic disorder is diagnosed based on:
Physical Exam: To rule out other medical conditions.
Psychological Evaluation: A mental health professional will discuss your symptoms, fears, and concerns.
Diagnostic Criteria: Using criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). This includes recurrent, unexpected panic attacks followed by at least one month of persistent worry about having more attacks or changes in behavior related to the attacks.
Timeline of Symptoms
The timeline of a panic attack is typically as follows:
Sudden Onset: Symptoms start abruptly and intensely.
Peak Intensity: Most symptoms reach their peak within 10 minutes.
Subsiding: Symptoms gradually decrease after the peak.
Post-Attack: Feeling drained, fatigued, or anxious after the attack subsides.
Important Considerations
Panic attacks can mimic symptoms of other medical conditions (e.g., heart attack). Seek medical attention to rule out other causes.
Panic disorder is treatable. Don't hesitate to seek help from a mental health professional.
Self-treating with alcohol or drugs can worsen panic disorder.
Family and friends can provide support, but it's important for them to understand the nature of panic attacks and avoid dismissive or invalidating comments.